Landing page
A landing page is a single web page built around one action — a purchase, a booking, a form submission — with the navigation and the alternatives deliberately stripped out so the visitor has one thing to decide.
The name comes from advertising: it is the page a visitor lands on after clicking a specific ad or link, rather than the home page they would reach by typing the domain. That origin explains the design convention. A home page serves everyone and therefore offers everything; a landing page serves the audience of one campaign and offers one thing.
The practical difference is measurement. Because a landing page has a single goal, its conversion rate is a meaningful number: visitors in, actions out. A home page has no comparable metric because it has no single job.
Landing pages are also where A/B testing is most useful, precisely because there is one outcome to compare.